X-ray photons attenuation characteristics for two tellurite based glass systems at dental diagnostic energies

X-ray photons attenuation characteristics for the two tellarite based glasses Bi2O3\u2013 B2O3\u2013 TeO2\u2013 TiO2 and PbO\u2013ZnO\u2013TeO2\u2013B2O3 have been investigated at dental diagnostic energies (between 30-80 keV) using Geant4 code and WinXcom software. The correlation coefficient (R2) is utilized to evaluate the extent to which Geant4 results are related to the WinXcom data. For the both series, R2 is close to 1 for all samples and this implies a perfect degree of association between the Geant4 and WinXcom data. The linear attenuation coefficient is proportionally increased with addition of TeO2 in both series, which implies that there is a decreasing tendency in the X-ray photon transmission corresponding with an increase in the TeO2 content in the glasses. The half value layer (HVL) decreases as the density increases and this decreasing is very notable at 70 and 80 keV. The maximum HVL for all samples occurs at 80 keV and this implies that the HVL gradually increases as the energy of the X-ray photons increase. Also, the increment of TO2 in the glasses (in both systems) leads to reduce the mean free path and BiTeTi6 and PbTeB6 samples have the lowest MFP. The MFP for both systems was compared with three heavy concretes and the comparison revealed that the selected systems can be utilized to fabricate protection masks used during diagnostic radiation of the head or oral cavity

Physical, structural, and gamma ray shielding studies on novel (35+x) PbO-5TeO2-20Bi2O3-(20-x) MgO-20B2O3 glasses

The primary aim of this investigation is to synthesize a novel glass system with a composition (35+x) PbO-5TeO2-20Bi2O3-(20-x) MgO-20B2O3 (where x=0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%) by melt quenching method. The confirmation of the amorphous behavior and the presence of the various vibration modes and stretching modes have been analyzed using the XRD and FTIR techniques, respectively. The radiation shielding parameters of these glasses were reported using MCNP5 simulation. The effects of PbO on the MCNP5 parameters were investigated in detail. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was simulated via MCNP5 code, and it was found that the MAC values from MCNP5 all follow the same trend as the XCOM data. The similarity means that the two simulations strongly agree with each other. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was calculated for all the glasses. The glass sample with 55 mol% of the PbO has the greatest LAC at any energy, such as 0.317 at 10 MeV, the lowest investigated energy. From the LAC values, other parameters such as transmission factor (TF), lead equivalent thickness (dlead), and half-value layer (HVL) were reported. The results for the TF of the glasses revealed that the glass systems become more effective as their thickness increases. Glass sample with 35 mol % of the PbO recorded the highest TF at all energies due to its lack of PbO content, such as 15.533% for a thickness of 1 cm and 6.122% for 1.5-cm thickness at 0.3 MeV. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) was also determined, and we found that the glasses with the greater PbO content and least MgO content have the highest RPE. Therefore, based on the RPE values, glasses with the greater PbO are the most effective radiation shield from the investigated glasses. © 2021, Australian Ceramic Society.This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-Track Research Funding Program

Ionizing photons attenuation characterization of quaternary tellurite-zinc-niobium-gadolinium glasses using Phy-X/PSD software

WOS:000527030200007In this work, photon attenuation performances of the selected TeO2-ZnO-Nb2O5-Gd2O3 glasses have been investigated at various energy points using Phy-X/PSD software. Additionally, neutron shielding properties have been estimated. Dependencies of radiation attenuation capacities with the photon energy and the compositions have been evaluated. According to the obtained results, the mass attenuation coefficients and the effective atomic numbers of tellurite glasses doped with Gd2O3 content of 2.5 mol% are higher than rest of the other samples. Moreover, half value layer and mean free path values of the investigated glass samples recommended that the attenuation capabilities of the ionizing photons increase as the densities of samples increase, hence, the glass having high density must be considered for high attenuation effectiveness. The mass attenuation coefficients vary from 4.87426 to 5.25794 cm(2)/g for Gd2O3 concentrations with 0 (Gd = 0.0) and 2.5 mol% (Gd = 2.5) at 0.06 MeV. The mean free path values at 0.015 MeV lies within the range 0.00407-0.00493 cm, at 0.1 MeV within the range of 0.1256 to 0.1519 cm, while at 15 MeV has the range of 4.634 to 5.281 cm. The obtained results displayed that among the studied glasses, Gd = 2.5 glass sample with Gd2O3 of 2.5 mol% is found to have superior gamma-ray shielding effectiveness due to having both higher mu/p and lower mean free path values.This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant No. (D-098-130-1441). The authors, therefore, gratefully acknowledge DSR technical and financial support

Efficient methylammonium lead triiodide CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells with improved surface properties using PM6 (PBDB-T-2F) polymer

Polymer additives are extensively used and serve a crucial role in the advancement of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite photovoltages. This work demonstrates the effect of Poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl-3-fluoro)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1′,3′-di-2-thienyl-5′,7′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′-c:4′,5′-c’]dithiophene-4,8-dione)PBDB-T-2F (PM6) at various concentrations on the crystallinity, surface structure, optical and electrical properties of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films. Polymer molecules are utilized to promote the growth of crystal particles in the active layer. The chemical reaction between their functional groups and the perovskite absorber and transportation layers leads to defect passivation and improved device efficiency. The results show that the absorption spectra of CH3NH3PbI3:PM6 perovskite thin films cover the extensive absorption spectra in the UV and visible light range between 500 and 800 nm, indicating that CH3NH3PbI3:PM6 perovskite is an effective visible light absorber. The PL intensity decreased as the polymer PM6 concentration increased up to 6 mg/ml, then increased when the concentration of PM6 was raised to 8 mg/ml. Quenching the sample with 6 mg/mL of PM6 caused rapid electron transfer to the substrate. According to surface morphology findings, the perovskite film's irregularity was reduced from 37.05 nm for pure thin film to 12.27 nm when added 6 mg/ml of PM6. The 6 mg/mL PM6 film exhibited the most uniformity and fluidity. The surface of the perovskite film was transformed into smooth, compacted pores with a particle size of 2 µm, which could facilitate charge transport for enhanced photovoltaic performance. The solar cell devices had a PCE of 14.68 %, a short-circuit current density of 19.32 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage of 1.20 V, and a fill factor of 63.35 %

Influence of Xenon–Fluorine–Sulfur Hexafluoride (<i>Xe</i>⁺–<i>F</i>⁻–<i>SF</i>6⁻) and Argon-Fluorine-Sulfur Hexafluoride (<i>Ar</i>⁺–<i>F</i>⁻–<i>SF</i>6⁻) Streaming on Dust Surface Potential (DSP) That Has Cairn–Tsallis Distributed Plasmas

The dust grain surface potential is examined analytically and numerically in dusty plasmas containing negative/positive ion species by using the Cairn Tsallis (non-Maxwellian) dusty plasma. The equations for the dust-charging process are derived to solve the current balance equation for the xenon–fluorine–sulfur hexafluoride and argon–fluorine–sulfur hexafluoride plasmas. The charging process affected by plasma properties such as spectral indices α and q, in addition to positive ion streaming (UAr+ and UXe+) and negative ion streaming (UF− and USF6−) of both types of plasmas, is examined. Our findings suggest that considering a wide range of Xe+−F−−SF6− and Ar+−F−−SF6− masses is critical for understanding plasma physics, specifically multi-component plasmas